Der “European Council on Foreign Relations” veröffentlichte ein Papier, in dem massiv auf die Europäisierung der britischen und französischen Nuklearwaffen gedrängt wird: „Europeans remain unwilling to renew their thinking on nuclear deterrence, despite growing strategic instability. Their stated goal of “strategic autonomy” will remain an empty phrase until they engage seriously on this matter. […] As a first step, the UK and France should convert the idea of a European deterrent from mere notion into credible offer, by thickening their bilateral nuclear cooperation and sending growing signals that indicate their readiness to protect others.” (jw)